The Auditing Audit Studies Team investigates the scholarly knowledge of discrimination based on correspondence audit studies.

Our team includes:

Edvard Nergård Larsen, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Social Research

Charles Crabtree, Assistant Professor of Government, Dartmouth College

John B. Holbein, Associate Professor of Public Policy, University of Virginia

Natasha Quadlin, Associate Professor of Sociology, UCLA

S. Michael Gaddis, Senior Research Scientist, NWEA

Please see below for some basic information on what we’ve been working on. This site will be thoroughly updated in late 2024 / early 2025 with some interesting new findings.

Part 1: Heterogeneity in Correspondence Audits of Racial Discrimination: A Meta-Analysis

To what extent does racial/ethnic discrimination in America differ across contexts? In this paper, we provide the largest and most comprehensive review of racial/ethnic discrimination research to date. We conducted a meta-analysis of 78 correspondence audits in the United States, representing over half a million applications, emails, and other forms of correspondence that occur in all aspects of modern society, including the hiring, housing, medical, public services, and education sectors. We find that racial/ethnic discrimination in the United States continues to be a large problem, but discrimination against racial/ethnic minorities simultaneously exhibits a substantial amount of contextual heterogeneity not recognized in previous discrimination research. Discrimination against Black Americans is most common in hiring, followed by the rental housing context. Discrimination against Hispanic Americans is highest in hiring, but discrimination in other contexts is considerably lower. Although discrimination occurs in education, medical, and public services contexts, it is far less common in these sectors.

Working paper available here.

Figure 1. Forest Plot of Correspondence Audits Examining Discrimination Against Black Americans by Type of Study

Figure 2. Box Plot of White/Black Discrimination Ratio by Type of Correspondence Audit Study

Part 2: The Effects of Name Perception and Selection on Social Science Measurement of Racial Discrimination

Do race and class perceptions of names influence the outcomes found in correspondence audit studies. In other words, is our understanding of racial discrimination biased by the names we choose in correspondence audit studies?